树叶云鸿蒙OS教程：鸿蒙OS DirectionalLayout

DirectionalLayout 是 Java UI 中的一种重要组件布局，用于将一组组件(Component)按照水平或者垂直方向排布，能够方便地对齐布局内的组件。该布局和其他布局的组合，可以实现更加丰富的布局方式。

图1 DirectionalLayout 示意图

排列方式

DirectionalLayout 的排列方向（orientation）分为水平（horizontal）或者垂直（vertical）方向。使用 orientation 设置布局内组件的排列方式，默认为垂直排列。

垂直排列

垂直方向排列三个按钮，效果如下：

图2 三个垂直排列的按钮

  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
  <DirectionalLayout
      xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
      ohos:width="match_parent"
      ohos:height="match_content"
      ohos:orientation="vertical">
      <Button
          ohos:width="33vp"
          ohos:height="20vp"
          ohos:bottom_margin="3vp"
          ohos:left_margin="13vp"
          ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
          ohos:text="Button 1"/>
      <Button
          ohos:width="33vp"
          ohos:height="20vp"
          ohos:bottom_margin="3vp"
          ohos:left_margin="13vp"
          ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
          ohos:text="Button 2"/>
      <Button
          ohos:width="33vp"
          ohos:height="20vp"
          ohos:bottom_margin="3vp"
          ohos:left_margin="13vp"
          ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
          ohos:text="Button 3"/>
  </DirectionalLayout>

color_cyan_element.xml：

  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
  <shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
      ohos:shape="rectangle">
      <solid
          ohos:color="#ff00ffff"/>
  </shape>

水平排列

水平方向排列三个按钮，效果如下：

图3 三个水平排列的按钮

  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
  <DirectionalLayout
      xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
      ohos:width="match_parent"
      ohos:height="match_content"
      ohos:orientation="horizontal">
      <Button
          ohos:width="33vp"
          ohos:height="20vp"
          ohos:left_margin="13vp"
          ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
          ohos:text="Button 1"/>
      <Button
          ohos:width="33vp"
          ohos:height="20vp"
          ohos:left_margin="13vp"
          ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
          ohos:text="Button 2"/>
      <Button
          ohos:width="33vp"
          ohos:height="20vp"
          ohos:left_margin="13vp"
          ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
          ohos:text="Button 3"/>
  </DirectionalLayout>

color_cyan_element.xml：

  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
  <shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
      ohos:shape="rectangle">
      <solid
          ohos:color="#ff00ffff"/>
  </shape>

DirectionalLayout 不会自动换行，其子组件会按照设定的方向依次排列，若超过布局本身的大小，超出布局大小的部分将不会被显示，例如：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<DirectionalLayout
    xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:width="match_parent"
    ohos:height="20vp"
    ohos:orientation="horizontal">
    <Button
        ohos:width="166vp"
        ohos:height="match_content"
        ohos:left_margin="13vp"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:text="Button 1"/>
    <Button
        ohos:width="166vp"
        ohos:height="match_content"
        ohos:left_margin="13vp"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:text="Button 2"/>
    <Button
        ohos:width="166vp"
        ohos:height="match_content"
        ohos:left_margin="13vp"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:text="Button 3"/>
</DirectionalLayout>

color_cyan_element.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:shape="rectangle">
    <solid
        ohos:color="#ff00ffff"/>
</shape>

此布局包含了三个按钮，但由于 DirectionalLayout 不会自动换行，超出布局大小的组件部分无法显示。界面显示如下：

图4 DirectionalLayout 不自动换行示例

对齐方式

DirectionalLayout 中的组件使用 layout_alignment 控制自身在布局中的对齐方式，当对齐方式与排列方式方向一致时，对齐方式不会生效，如设置了水平方向的排列方式，则左对齐、右对齐将不会生效。常用的对齐参数见[表1]。

参数	作用	可搭配排列方式
left	左对齐	垂直排列
top	顶部对齐	水平排列
right	右对齐	垂直排列
bottom	底部对齐	水平排列
horizontal_center	水平方向居中	垂直排列
vertical_center	垂直方向居中	水平排列
center	垂直与水平方向都居中	水平/垂直排列

三种对齐方式的示例代码：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<DirectionalLayout
    xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:width="match_parent"
    ohos:height="60vp">
    <Button
        ohos:width="50vp"
        ohos:height="20vp"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:layout_alignment="left"
        ohos:text="Button 1"/>
    <Button
        ohos:width="50vp"
        ohos:height="20vp"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:layout_alignment="horizontal_center"
        ohos:text="Button 2"/>
    <Button
        ohos:width="50vp"
        ohos:height="20vp"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:layout_alignment="right"
        ohos:text="Button 3"/>
</DirectionalLayout>

color_cyan_element.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:shape="rectangle">
    <solid
        ohos:color="#ff00ffff"/>
</shape>

图5 三种对齐方式效果示例

权重

权重（weight）就是按比例来分配组件占用父组件的大小，在水平布局下计算公式为：

父布局可分配宽度=父布局宽度-所有子组件 width 之和；

组件宽度=组件 weight/所有组件 weight 之和*父布局可分配宽度；

实际使用过程中，建议使用 width=0 来按比例分配父布局的宽度，1:1:1 效果如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<DirectionalLayout
    xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:width="match_parent"
    ohos:height="match_content"
    ohos:orientation="horizontal">
    <Button
        ohos:width="0vp"
        ohos:height="20vp"
        ohos:weight="1"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:text="Button 1"/>
    <Button
        ohos:width="0vp"
        ohos:height="20vp"
        ohos:weight="1"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_gray_element"
        ohos:text="Button 2"/>
    <Button
        ohos:width="0vp"
        ohos:height="20vp"
        ohos:weight="1"
        ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
        ohos:text="Button 3"/>
</DirectionalLayout>

color_cyan_element.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:shape="rectangle">
    <solid
        ohos:color="#ff00ffff"/>
</shape>

color_gray_element.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:shape="rectangle">
    <solid
        ohos:color="#ff888888"/>
</shape>

场景示例

源码示例：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<DirectionalLayout xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:width="match_parent"
    ohos:height="match_parent"
    ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_light_gray_element">
    <DirectionalLayout
        ohos:width="match_parent"
        ohos:height="match_content"
        ohos:orientation="vertical">
        <Button
            ohos:width="33vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:bottom_margin="3vp"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 1"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="33vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:bottom_margin="3vp"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 2"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="33vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:bottom_margin="3vp"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 3"/>
    </DirectionalLayout>
    <Component ohos:height="20vp"/>
    <DirectionalLayout
        ohos:width="match_parent"
        ohos:height="match_content"
        ohos:orientation="horizontal">
        <Button
            ohos:width="33vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 1"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="33vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 2"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="33vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 3"/>
    </DirectionalLayout>
    <Component ohos:height="20vp"/>
    <DirectionalLayout
        ohos:width="match_parent"
        ohos:height="20vp"
        ohos:orientation="horizontal">
        <Button
            ohos:width="166vp"
            ohos:height="match_content"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 1"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="166vp"
            ohos:height="match_content"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 2"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="166vp"
            ohos:height="match_content"
            ohos:left_margin="13vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 3"/>
    </DirectionalLayout>
    <Component ohos:height="20vp"/>
    <DirectionalLayout
        ohos:width="match_parent"
        ohos:height="60vp">
        <Button
            ohos:width="50vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:layout_alignment="left"
            ohos:text="Button 1"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="50vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:layout_alignment="horizontal_center"
            ohos:text="Button 2"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="50vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:layout_alignment="right"
            ohos:text="Button 3"/>
    </DirectionalLayout>
    <Component ohos:height="20vp"/>
    <DirectionalLayout
        ohos:width="match_parent"
        ohos:height="match_content"
        ohos:orientation="horizontal">
        <Button
            ohos:width="0vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:weight="1"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 1"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="0vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:weight="1"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_gray_element"
            ohos:text="Button 2"/>
        <Button
            ohos:width="0vp"
            ohos:height="20vp"
            ohos:weight="1"
            ohos:background_element="$graphic:color_cyan_element"
            ohos:text="Button 3"/>
    </DirectionalLayout>
</DirectionalLayout>

color_light_gray_element.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:shape="rectangle">
    <solid
        ohos:color="#ffeeeeee"/>
</shape>

color_cyan_element.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:shape="rectangle">
    <solid
        ohos:color="#ff00ffff"/>
</shape>

color_gray_element.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape xmlns:ohos="http://schemas.huawei.com/res/ohos"
    ohos:shape="rectangle">
    <solid
        ohos:color="#ff888888"/>
</shape>

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