在《 MySQL字符集和校对规则详解》一节中我们了解了 MySQL 的字符集和校对规则，本节主要介绍查看字符集和校对规则的几种方法。
在 MySQL 中，查看可用字符集的命令和执行过程如下：
mysql> SHOW CHARACTER set; +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 | | dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 | | cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 | | hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 | | koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 | | latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 | | latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 | | swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 | | ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 | | ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 | | sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 | | hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 | | tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 | | euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 | | koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 | | gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 | | greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 | | cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 | | gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 | | latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 | | armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 | | utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 | | ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 | | cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 | | keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 | | macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 | | macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 | | cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 | | latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 | | utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 | | cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 | | utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 | | utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 | | cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 | | cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 | | utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 | | binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 | | geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 | | cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 | | eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 | | gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 | +----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+ 41 rows in set (0.02 sec)
其中：
- 第一列（Charset）为字符集名称；
- 第二列（Description）为字符集描述；
- 第三列（Default collation）为字符集的默认校对规则；
- 第四列（Maxlen）表示字符集中一个字符占用的最大字节数。
常用的字符集如下：
- latin1 支持西欧字符、希腊字符等。
- gbk 支持中文简体字符。
- big5 支持中文繁体字符。
- utf8 几乎支持所有国家的字符。
也可以通过查询 information_schema.character_set 表中的记录，来查看 MySQL 支持的字符集。SQL 语句和执行过程如下：
mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.character_sets; +--------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+--------+ | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME | DESCRIPTION | MAXLEN | +--------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+--------+ | big5 | big5_chinese_ci | Big5 Traditional Chinese | 2 | | dec8 | dec8_swedish_ci | DEC West European | 1 | | cp850 | cp850_general_ci | DOS West European | 1 | | hp8 | hp8_english_ci | HP West European | 1 | ......
可以使用SHOW COLLATION LIKE '***'; 命令来查看相关字符集的校对规则。
mysql> SHOW COLLATION LIKE 'gbk%'; +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+ | Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen | +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+ | gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 | +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面运行结果为 GBK 字符集所对应的校对规则，其中 gbk_chinese_ci 是默认的校对规则，对大小写不敏感。而 gbk_bin 按照二进制编码的值进行比较，对大小写敏感。
也可以通过查询 information_schema.COLLATIONS 表中的记录，来查看 MySQL 中可用的校对规则。SQL 语句和执行过程如下：
mysql> SELECT * FROM information_schema.COLLATIONS; +--------------------------+--------------------+-----+------------+-------------+---------+ | COLLATION_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | ID | IS_DEFAULT | IS_COMPILED | SORTLEN | +--------------------------+--------------------+-----+------------+-------------+---------+ | big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 | | dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 | | cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 | ......
例 1
分别指定“A”和“a”按照 gbk_chinese_ci 和 gbk_bin 校对规则进行比较。SQL 语句和运行结果如下：
mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci = 'a' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci then 1
-> else 0 end;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci = 'a' COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci then 1
else 0 end |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_bin = 'a' COLLATE gbk_bin then 1
-> else 0 end;
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CASE WHEN 'A' COLLATE gbk_bin = 'a' COLLATE gbk_bin then 1
else 0 end |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)由于 gbk_chinese_ci 校对规则忽略大小写，所以认为两个“A“和“a”是相同的。 gbk_bin 校对规则不忽略大小写，则认为两个字符是不同的。
在实际应用中，我们应事先确认应用需要按照什么样方式排序，是否区分大小写，然后选择相应的校对规则。
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